Volume 8 (2025)
Volume 7 (2024)
Volume 6 (2023)
Volume 5 (2022)
Volume 4 (2021)
Volume 3 (2020)
Volume 2 (2019)
Volume 1 (2018)

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Facts & Figures

Volumes 9
32
No. of Articles 309
h-index 15
No. of Contributors 627
Article View 236,460
PDF Download 175,410
View Per Article 765.24
PDF Download Per Article 567.67
No. of Submissions 778
382
Accepted Submissions 318
Acceptance Rate 30 %
Accept Date (Days) 60
No. of Indexing Databases 23
No. of Reviewers 1677

 

 

The International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO) is an international peer-reviewed open-access quarterly journal devoted to the fields of industrial electronics, control, and optimization, published by the University of Sistan and Baluchestan and is scientifically sponsored by the Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IAEEE). The International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO) publishes original research articles that present emerging trends and practices in industrial electronics product research and development. Its scope encompasses the applications of industrial electronics, power systems, control, optimization, and computational intelligence for the enhancement of industrial and manufacturing systems and processes. It is an interdisciplinary journal devoted to the publication of original articles, key insights, review articles, etc., considering the research ethics and academic rules and regulations.

The IECO is approved by the Iranian Ministry of Science, Research, and Technology as an academic research journal (No. 231566/3/18 dated 2017/12/30), and is published by the University of Sistan and Baluchestan through a formal partnership (No. 952/2/1500 dated 2017/01/23)  with IAEEE. The International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO) is a peer-reviewed international journal in the fields of industrial electronics, control and optimization. Its scope encompasses the applications of industrial electronics, power systems, control,  optimization, and computational intelligence for the enhancement of industrial and manufacturing systems and processes.

The publication of an article in a peer-reviewed journal is an essential building block in the development of a coherent and respected network of knowledge. It is a direct reflection of the quality of work of the author and the institutions that support them. Peer-reviewed articles support and embody the scientific method. It is therefore important to agree upon standards of expected ethical behavior.

Reviewers and Editors are vital to the success of peer-reviewed academic journals, and we at IECO journal are truly grateful for all the time and hard work of our dedicated Reviewers and Editors.

News: According to the latest report published by the Islamic World Science and Technology Institute (ISC), the International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (in the engineering branch) was upgraded from no quarter to Q1.

According to the ranking of the Ministry of Science Research and Technology, the IECO Journal was ranked A.

About the Journal:

  • Journal Title: International Journal of Industrial Electronics, Control and Optimization (IECO)
  • Country of Publication: Iran: Zahedan.
  • PublisherUniversity of Sistan and Baluchestan (USB)
  • Scientific Sponsorship Society: The Iranian Association of Electrical and Electronic Engineers (IAEEE)
  • Format: Print and Online
  • Print ISSN: 2645-3517
  • Online ISSN: 2645-3568
  • Frequency: Quarterly
  • Language: English
  • Open Access: Yes
  • Article types: Research papers. 
  • Primary Review: 10 days, Approximately.
  • Peer Review Policy: Double-blind peer-review
  • Average refereeing time: 12 weeks
  • Copyright: Authors retain unrestricted copyrights and publishing rights.
  • Type of License: Creative Commons - Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)
  • Article Processing Charges Payment for articles  (more information)
  • Website: https://ieco.usb.ac.ir/
  • E-mail:  ieco@usb.ac.ir
  • Tel : +98-54-3113-6808
  • Fax: +98-54-3344-7908
  • Indexing & Abstracting: EBSCO, DOAJ, FidMath, ISC, Dor, SID, Civilica, EZB: Electronic Journals, WorldCat, Magiran, Academia, Google Scholar, Linkedin, etc.
  • Journal Address: University of Sistan and Baluchestan, Zahedan, Iran. P.O. Box 98167-45845. Tel & Fax: +98-54-344-7908.
  • Required files to be uploaded: Five essential files must be submitted through the manuscript submission system: 1. The main file of the manuscript (without the names of the authors), 2. Title page in the mentioned format, 3. Authorship form (must include the title of the article and the name and surname of all authors and be signed by all authors), 4. Conflicts of Interest form (must be signed by the Corresponding Author and uploaded with the article file), and 5. Cover Letter.

For Authors (mor information)

According to the request of the Organization of Scientific Publications of the country, the registration and display of the free ORCID ID and academic email were required for the authors of the articles. Therefore, respected authors are requested to obtain the ORCID researcher ID code and academic email before submitting the article to the journal.

To get an ORCID code, follow the following link: https://orcid.org

The corresponding author of the article must be a member of the academic staff and the article must be written by him should be sent to the journal or his written confirmation letter should be sent along with the article; Otherwise, the article will not be reviewed.

Important forms

Copyright Transfer Agreement

Conflict_of_Interest

For Reviewers (mor information)

Registration of respected judges of the journals on Publons website( click here to register)

Plagiarism: All articles are verified by iThenticate. The similarity check is done through the website of the University of Sistan and Baluchistan.

 Copyright notice: The content of this journal  is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International (CC BY 4.0)

The IECO journal retains the copyright. The authors sign the copyright transfer agreement.

 COPE:  IECO follows the policies and guidelines of the Committee on Publication Ethics (COPE) and abides by its Code of Conduct in dealing with potential cases of misconduct. 

Research Articles Control
Photovoltaic Fault Diagnosis with CNN-ResNet and Adaptive Learning Rate Scheduling

Sepehr Shakibi; Amir Mohammad Farahani; Mohsen Hamzeh

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 119-129

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51578.1682

Abstract
  Photovoltaic (PV) systems are a backbone of the infrastructure of renewable energy with its usage growing significantly. Early fault detection of these systems being essential to enhance their reliability and efficiency. Despite the development of fault diagnosis methods of PV system promoted by ...  Read More

Research Articles Industrial Electronics
An Improved Method for Capacitor Voltage Balancing Control and Capacitance Monitoring in Modular Multilevel Converter

Mohsen Rahmani Haredasht; S. Masoud Barakati; Mohammad Bagheri Hashkavayi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 131-144

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.53855.1729

Abstract
  The modular multi-level converter (MMC) is widely recognized as one of the most promising structures for high-voltage and high-power applications due to its fully modular design, lack of bulky output filters, and independence from multiple DC sources. However, the large number of flying capacitors within ...  Read More

Research Articles Power systems
Multi-Class Short-Term Voltage Stability Assessment Considering the Missing Data

AmirHossein Babaali; Mohammad Taghi Ameli

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 145-155

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52426.1697

Abstract
  Short-term voltage stability (STVS) varies with operating conditions of power networks, making its accurate assessment a critical challenge. This paper investigates a multi-class, data-driven approach to STVS evaluation. A dynamic index is employed to categorize voltage magnitude variations into three ...  Read More

Research Articles Control
An Adaptive Robust Square Root Unscented Kalman Filter for State of Charge Estimation for Lithium-ion Batteries

Ramezan Havangi; Fatemeh Karimi

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 157-171

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51512.1679

Abstract
  Accurate estimation of State of Charge (SOC) is essential for the efficiency, safety, and durability of battery-powered devices, playing a vital role in Battery Management Systems (BMS). This paper introduces an innovative method combining the Adaptive Robust Square Root Unscented Kalman Filter (ARSRUKF) ...  Read More

Research Articles Communication
RSS Localization in the Presence of Byzantine Attacks using MAP Estimation

Mahdiye Mohammadi; Hadi Zayyani; Mehdi Bekrani

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 173-181

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51214.1666

Abstract
  Target localization in wireless sensor networks (WSNs) is essential for various applications. This study investigates received signal strength (RSS)-based localization in the presence of malicious anchor nodes that intentionally alter signal power levels to mislead the fusion center (FC) and degrade ...  Read More

Research Articles Control
A Novel Cascade Control Strategy for Robust Fuel Cell Systems Using Variable Gain Sliding Technique

Violet Farhad; Seyed Mehdi Mirhosseini-Alizamini

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 183-198

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51763.1686

Abstract
  This paper introduces a new application of variable gain sliding mode control (VGST) to the air supply system of a proton exchange membrane fuel cell (PEMFC), which is crucial for its performance and longevity. The air supply system comprises a centrifugal compressor, a DC-DC converter, and a fuel cell ...  Read More

Research Articles Optimization
Numerical Assessment of Optimal Control Problems with Variable Order Fractional Integro-Differential Equation Based on Laguerre Wavelets Functions

Maryam Alipour; Samaneh Soradi-Zeid

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 199-209

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52258.1695

Abstract
  ‎This paper deals with a general form of fractional optimal control problems involving variable-order fractional integro differential equation using orthonormal Laguerre wavelets expansions. By effectively employing these ‎functions,‎ product variable-order operational matrices have been ...  Read More

Research Articles Control
State-of-Charge Fusion Estimation of Lithium-Ion Batteries based on the Mathematical Models of the Open Circuit Voltage Curve

Mohammad Moodi; Mohammad Reza Ramezani-al

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 211-221

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52197.1698

Abstract
  Accurate state-of-charge (SOC) estimation is essential for the safe and efficient operation of lithium-ion batteries in electric vehicles and energy storage systems. This paper proposes a fusion-based SOC estimation method that integrates two extended Kalman filters (EKFs), each paired with a distinct ...  Read More

Research Articles Industrial Electronics
A Semi-Quadratic Buck-Boost Converter with Two Operating Modes and a Sustained Input-Output Current for PV Applications

Mustafa Okati; Mohammad Osmani-Bojd

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 223-238

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51105.1661

Abstract
  This study introduces a non-isolated semi-quadratic DC/DC buck-boost converter designed to enhance performance. Derived from a conventional CUK converter, the proposed topology operates in two distinct modes: one providing a semi-quadratic voltage gain of D(2−D)/(1−D)2 and the other offering ...  Read More

Research Articles Power systems
A Mathematical Framework for Designing Precise RBW Filters Using Standard Implementation Techniques in EMI Applications

Seyed Fariborz Zarei; Saeed Hasanzadeh

Volume 9, Issue 2 , June 2026, Pages 239-246

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51495.1678

Abstract
  This paper presents a comprehensive approach to the design of Resolution Bandwidth (RBW) filters specifically for Electromagnetic Interference (EMI) applications. We propose a mathematical modeling method that accurately captures the characteristics of standard RBW filters, which are essential for precise ...  Read More

A Detailed Study for Load Flow Analysis in Distributed Power System
Volume 1, Issue 2 , September 2018, , Pages 153-160

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2018.24423.1027

Abstract
  Load flow (LF) is one of the most important parts to study and analyze power system operation. In this research paper, a detailed study for load flow analysis in distributed power system (DPS) is presented. A case study of modeling and simulation of the actual power distribution network is implemented ...  Read More

OSA: Orientation Search Algorithm
Volume 2, Issue 2 , April 2019, , Pages 99-112

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2018.26308.1072

Abstract
  Random based inventive algorithms are being widely used for optimization. An important category of these algorithms comes from the idea of physical processes or the behavior of beings. A new method for achieving quasi-optimal solutions related to optimization problems in various sciences is proposed ...  Read More

Torque Ripple Minimization in SRM Based on Advanced Torque Sharing Function Modified by Genetic Algorithm Combined with Fuzzy PSO
Volume 1, Issue 1 , June 2018, , Pages 71-80

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2018.24302.1016

Abstract
  This paper presents a new and improved Torque Sharing Function (TSF) to minimize torque ripple of Switched Reluctance Motor (SRM). This approach combined of three steps. At first step, Genetic Algorithm has been used to define the best Turn-on and Turn-off angel of phase current. At second step, a fuzzy ...  Read More

Sliding Mode Control of LLC Resonant DC-DC Converter for Wide output voltage Range in Battery Charging Applications
Volume 2, Issue 2 , April 2019, , Pages 127-136

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2018.27333.1096

Abstract
  In this paper, a sliding mode control of LLC resonant dc-dc converter in low voltage and high current application is presented. The proposed controller operates at two fixed switching frequencies to the battery charger of electric vehicles. In resonant converter, because of the soft switching process, ...  Read More

A novel fast maximum power point tracking for a PV system using hybrid PSO-ANFIS algorithm under partial shading conditions
Volume 2, Issue 1 , January 2019, , Pages 47-58

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2018.25721.1056

Abstract
  It is highly expected that partially shaded condition (PSC) occurs due to the moving clouds in a large photovoltaic (PV) generation system (PGS). Several peaks can be seen in the P-V curve of a PGS under such PSC which decreases the efficiency of conventional maximum power point tracking (MPPT) methods. ...  Read More

Research Articles
Multi-objective Scheduling of Smart Homes Integrated with Renewable Energy Sources and Energy Storage Systems

Mehran Haghighi; Hamid Karimi; Shahram Jadid

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51901.1687

Abstract
  A home energy management system optimizes the electrical demand of household appliances according to price-based demand response programs. In this paper, we proposed a price-based demand response for a smart home with different types of appliances according to customer satisfaction, which also used electric ...  Read More

Research Articles
Comparative Study of AI Models for Multi-Level Optimization of External Lightning Protection Systems in Photovoltaic Stations

Hamid Reza Sezavar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52632.1705

Abstract
  This paper presents a comparative study on the application of artificial intelligence for optimizing External Lightning Protection Systems (ELPS) in photovoltaic power (PV) plants. The research addresses the critical need for advanced protection systems in solar installations, which are particularly ...  Read More

Research Articles
A Guaranteed Monotonically Convergent Optimal Iterative Learning Control for Multiple-Input Multiple-Output Continuous-Time Linear Time-Varying Systems

Ali Madady; Naser Taghva Manesh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 09 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51052.1659

Abstract
  This paper introduces a novel optimal iterative learning control scheme for continuous-time systems with multiple-inputs and multiple-outputs and linear time-varying dynamics. While iterative learning control has been extensively studied in the discrete-time domain, the development of optimal iterative ...  Read More

Research Articles
5G-R Framework for High-Speed Rail Connectivity Using AI and Edge Computing

Shahpour Rahmani; Nasser Yazdani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52762.1709

Abstract
  High-speed rail systems, operating at speeds up to 350 km/h, face significant challenges in delivering reliable network connectivity due to frequent handovers, signal degradation, and network congestion. This paper proposes the 5G-R framework, an optimized solution integrating beamforming, network slicing, ...  Read More

Research Articles
Adaptive Resilient Control of Uncertain Nonlinear Cyber-physical Systems under Deception Attack

Maryam Shahriari; Seyed Hojat Nourian

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 27 October 2025

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52052.1691

Abstract
  This work proposes an adaptive resilient control for uncertain nonlinear cyber-physical systems (CPSs) under deception attacks. It is assumed that attacker injects false data into the commands exchanged between the controller and actuator over the communication channels. The injected false data affects ...  Read More

Research Articles
Designing a Rehabilitation Traction device for decreasing low back pain and spinal decompression by improving traction control

Mahdi Alinaghizadeh Ardestani; Parham Parham Haji Ali Mohamadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 08 November 2025

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51147.1663

Abstract
  Low back pain and spinal disorders are widespread issues affecting individuals globally, often requiring effective rehabilitation methods. This paper proposes a cable-driven parallel robot designed to assist in rehabilitation by moving patients' legs along frontal and sagittal axes. A novel Current Iterative ...  Read More

Research Articles
Quantum-Dot Cellular Automata -based and High-speed Design of new Structure for Fault-Tolerant 7-Input Majority Gate

farzaneh jahanshahi javaran; Somayyeh Jafarali Jassbi; Hossein Khademolhosseini; Razieh Farazkish

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 January 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51689.1683

Abstract
  As the field of nanotechnology rapidly advances and the need for faster processing in smaller dimensions grows, as does the integration of Very Large-Scale Integration (VLSI) technology. These difficulties include things like large-scale area needs, high power consumption, and low operating speeds, which ...  Read More

Research Articles
Minimum-Time Control of Constrained Systems via Phase-Plane Technique: Application in Robotic Manipulators

Valiollah Ghaffari

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 19 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.53182.1717

Abstract
  The pursuit of time-optimal performance is a fundamental objective for high-speed robotic and mechatronic systems, where minimizing settling-time directly enhances throughput and operational efficiency. Despite its importance, deriving exact solutions for practical systems remains a formidable challenge. ...  Read More

Original Article
Expanding Generator Flexibility Regions in Renewable-Rich Grid via Optimal Transmission Switching and Dynamic Line Rating

Ali Beiranvand; MahmoudReza Shakarami; Meysam Doostizadeh

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.53986.1731

Abstract
  Today, power system operators face two major challenges: (1) determining the flexibility region for generators due to the increasing penetration of renewable generation in power systems, and (2) the rise in ambient temperature. Structural limitations in a power network and changes in its topology significantly ...  Read More

Original Article
Semi-Supervised Clustering with Improved Delaunay Graph Fusion and Pairwise Constraints

shahin pourbahrami

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52659.1708

Abstract
  In many data mining problems, leveraging structural and local connectivity information can significantly improve clustering performance. This paper presents a novel semi-supervised clustering framework that integrates weighted feature information, Delaunay-based graph construction, and pairwise constraints. ...  Read More

Research Articles
A New Quadratic Voltage Lift Cascaded Boost Topology for Hydrogen Extraction

Mohammad Reza Shaker Ardakani; Sara Hasanpour; Majid Moazzami; Fariborz Haghighatdar Fesharaki; Mahnaz Hashemi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 21 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.52589.1702

Abstract
  This paper presents a novel non-isolated DC-DC converter topology with several significant advantages. First, the input current remains continuous, thereby reducing the current stress on the input filter capacitor. Second, the converter utilizes the same number of inductors as conventional topologies ...  Read More

Research Articles
Bio-Inspired Optimization: A New Meta-heuristic Search Method Based on Animal Adaptability

Reza Keypour; vahid shirzadiraj

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 22 February 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52347.1706

Abstract
  Organisms continuously adapt to changing resources and environmental conditions to ensure survival. Such adaptations may involve shifts in diet, habitat, or hunting strategies. Species that fail to adapt often face extinction, as evidenced by many species that no longer exist. Adaptation can generally ...  Read More

Research Articles
Adhesion Force Estimation of Railway Vehicles using ‎ Intelligent Square Root Cubature Kalman Filter

Ramezan Havangi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 04 April 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.51395.1673

Abstract
  Railway traction vehicles transfer forces between rails and wheels through an adhesion ‎coefficient. In order to prevent wheel locking and shorten stopping distances, ‎estimating the adhesion conditions between rails and wheels is an essential task in ‎railway operations. Since the adhesion ...  Read More

Research Articles
A Study on Optimal Energy Management of a Renewable-Based Microgrid: A Model Predictive Control Approach

Alireza Khatiri; Seyyed Yousef Mousazadeh Mousavi; Saeed Golestan

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 12 April 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.54124.1733

Abstract
  Effective energy management in renewable-based microgrids demands advanced optimization and forecasting strategies capable of addressing the intrinsic uncertainties of solar generation and load demand. This paper proposes a comprehensive day-ahead scheduling framework based on Model Predictive Control ...  Read More

Research Articles
Adaptive Disturbance Rejection Sliding Mode Control for Robots via an Orthogonal Functions-Based Estimator

Reza Gholipour; Alireza Khosravi; Mohammad Reza Shokoohinia

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 20 April 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.53699.1726

Abstract
  This paper presents an innovative adaptive sliding mode controller with disturbance rejection for robotic manipulators. The proposed approach employs orthogonal functions-based estimation to handle system uncertainties, while an adaptive mechanism is introduced to estimate the unknown upper bounds of ...  Read More

Research Articles
Study on Multi-Phase Boost Converters for Fuel Cell Application: Power Density and Reliability Analysis

Ghasem Rezazadeh; Hossein Bagherian Farahabadi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 24 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2025.52842.1712

Abstract
  This paper presents a new comprehensive study on multi-phase interleaved DC-DC boost converters for fuel cell power interface. High power density DC-DC converters are usually required due to the volumetric and gravimetric constraints in the various fuel cell power system applications. On the other hand, ...  Read More

Research Articles
Transformer Winding-to-Ground Connection Internal Fault Locating using the Estimation Error Standard Deviation Index

Mohammad Ali Taghikhani

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 26 May 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.54520.1740

Abstract
  Protective relay in the transformer may accept inrush current as fault current, thus, distinguishing the inrush current from the internal fault current is important in transformers. To estimate the transformer inrush current, the extended Kalman filter (EKF) is applied in this paper. Therefore, three ...  Read More

Original Article
A min-max approach for energy management of renewable-based electricity-hydrogen microgrids with demand response

Hamid Karimi; Hamid Reza Sezavar

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 June 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.54338.1736

Abstract
  This paper presents a multi-objective energy management strategy for a hybrid electricity-hydrogen microgrid (MG) aimed at improving economic and operational performance. The proposed framework simultaneously minimizes total operating cost and reduces peak load, which are conflicting objectives in MG ...  Read More

Original Article
Multi-Rate Hybrid Control Framework for Coronary Heart Disease Risk Management

Farnaz Sabahi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 June 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.54544.1742

Abstract
  This paper proposes a multi-rate hybrid control framework for modeling and managing Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) risk dynamics. Unlike conventional statistical and machine learning approaches that treat clinical variables as static predictors without dynamic interaction or stability guarantees, the proposed ...  Read More

Research Articles
Comparative Evaluation of Metaheuristic MPPT Algorithms for PV Systems Under Partial Shading Conditions

Reza Noroozian; Nima Shafaghatian; Mohammadreza Rahimi; Hamid Karimi

Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript, Available Online from 13 June 2026

https://doi.org/10.22111/ieco.2026.54942.1749

Abstract
  Enhancing the energy output of photovoltaic (PV) systems is essential due to their inherently limited efficiency. Consequently, maximum power point tracking (MPPT) techniques have become a crucial component in photovoltaic systems for improving energy harvesting efficiency. However, conventional MPPT ...  Read More

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